Pronouns! [26 January 2011]

"What the meaning of PRONOUNS? I never heard about these but please , don't blame me k haha"

Hello!

Now , I want to share about PRONOUNS. Before this , have you heard about PRONOUNS ?! Let's me start with the 'Definition Of Pronouns'. Let's check it out!

Definition Of Pronouns

Alright.....If you don't know what the meaning of pronouns , don't worry , I can tell you about that. I was create a simple definition of pronouns. You can use it and maybe , you can remember until your final examination and of course you can answer all those question easier haha [Nonsense] OK. Let's start now.

Pronouns always take the place of NOUNS and we can instead NOUNS with a PRONOUNS. I , You , We , They , Him , She and another else are example for PRONOUNS. PRONOUNS are very important for us. If we doesn't use any pronouns , we always repeat the same word in a one sentences. OK. Let's look for these sentences :

Mary is very beautiful. Mary always change a lot of boyfriend every week. I don't like Mary!

You all see of this sentences? It is used the same word of Mary. We can take the place Mary to the Pronouns word.

Mary is very beautiful. She always change a lot of boyfriends every week. 

I don't like her!

See?? It's looks more better right?? Looks simplier and shorter =)

Now, we go to the next topic of PRONOUNS. 'The Type Of Pronouns'

The Type Of Pronouns

Pronouns were divided into 7 categories. Wow! They are :

(1) Personal

(2) Demonstrative

(3) Posessive

(4) Interrogative

(5) Reflexive

(6) Indefinite

(7) Relative

O.K. Let's we look one by one =)

PERSONAL PRONOUNS

This pronouns represent to specific people / thing. We can use depends on this table :

Number	Person	Gender	Personal Pronouns
			Subject	Object
Singular	1st	Male/Female	I	me
	2nd	Male/Female	you	you
	3rd	Male	he	him
		Female	she	her
		Neuter	it	it
Plural	1st	Male/Female	we	us
	2nd	Male/Female	you	you
	3rd	Male/Female/Neuter	they	them

Example :

Number	Person	Gender	Personal Pronouns
			Subject	Object
Singular	1st	Male/Female	I like coffee.	John helped me.
	2nd	Male/Female	Do you like coffee?	John loves you.
	3rd	Male	He runs fast.	Did Ram beat him?
		Female	She is clever.	Does Mary know her?
		Neuter	It doesn't work.	Can the engineer repair it?
Plural	1st	Male/Female	We went home.	Anthony drove us.
	2nd	Male/Female	Do you need a table for three?	Did John and Mary beat you at doubles?
	3rd	Male/Female/Neuter	They played doubles.	John and Mary beat them.

Additional Notes

he/him  or  she/her	Also can use for animal/pet/ship/vessel/vehicle.	*This is our dog Rusty. He's an Alsation. *My first car was a Mini and I treated her like my wife.
it	Can use for introduce a remark.	*It is nice to have a holiday sometimes. *Is it normal to see them together? *It's difficult to find a job.
	Can talk about the weather, temperature, time and distance	*It's raining. *It will probably be hot tomorrow. *Is it nine o'clock yet? *It's 50 kilometres from here to Cambridge.

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

The original word of demonstrative is DEMONSTRATE (verb) that's means to show , to indicate , to point to.

	NEAR	FAR
SINGULAR	this	that
PLURAL	these	those

Example:

	NEAR	FAR
SINGULAR	*This tastes good. *Have you seen this?	*That is beautiful. *Look at that!
PLURAL	*These are bad times. *Do you like these?	*Those were the days! *Can you see those?
	NEAR		FAR
SINGULAR	*This is heavier than that.
PLURAL	*These are bigger than those.

POSESSIVE PRONOUNS

We use posessive pronouns to refer to specific person/People, thing/Things, animals.

Number	Person	Gender(of "owner")	Possessive Pronouns
Singular	1st	Male/Female	mine
	2nd	Male/Female	yours
	3rd	Male	his
		Female	hers
Plural	1st	Male/Female	ours
	2nd	Male/Female	yours
	3rd	Male/Female/Neuter	theirs

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS

We always use to ask questions. It is represents the thing that we don't know. Four main interrogative pronouns :

(1) who

(2) whom

(3) what

(4) which

	SUBJECT	OBJECT
Person	Who	Whom
Thing	What
Person/Thing	Which
Person	Whose		(Posessive)

Example:

QUESTION	ANSWER
Who told you?	John told me.	subject
Whom did you tell?	I told Mary.	object
What's happened?	An accident's happened.	subject
What do you want?	I want coffee.	object
Which came first?	The Porsche 911 came first.	subject
Which will the doctor see first?	The doctor will see the patient in bluefirst.	object
There's one car missing. Whose hasn't arrived?	John's (car) hasn't arrived.	subject
We've found everyone's keys. Whose did you find?	I found John's (keys).	object

Additional Notes

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

This pronoun is use to refer back to the subject / clause. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS will end with "-self" (Singular) and "-selves" (Plural).

NUMBER	REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
SINGULAR	myself yourself himself, herself, itself
PLURAL	ourselves yourselves themselves

Examples:

REFLEXIVE PRONOUN

I saw myself in the mirror.

Why do you blame yourself?

John sent himself a copy.

Mary sent herself a copy.

My dog hurt itself.

We blame ourselves.

Can you help yourselves?

They cannot look after themselves.

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

Pronoun	Meaning	Example
SINGULAR
another	an additional or different person or thing	That ice-cream was good. Can I have another?
anybody/anyone	no matter what person	Can anyone answer this question?
anything	no matter what thing	The doctor needs to know if you have eaten anything in the last two hours.
each	every one of two or more people or things, seen separately	Each has his own thoughts.
either	one or the other of two people or things	Do you want tea or coffee? / I don't mind. Either is good for me.
enough	as much or as many as needed	Enough is enough.
everybody/everyone	all people	We can start the meeting because everybody has arrived.
everything	all things	They have no house or possessions. They lost everything in the earthquake.
less	a smaller amount	"Less is more" (Mies van der Rohe)
little	a small amount	Little is know about his early life.
much	a large amount	Much has happend since we met.
neither	not one and not the other of two people or things	I keep telling Jack and Jill but neitherbelieves me.
nobody/no-one	no person	I phoned many times but nobodyanswered.
nothing	no single thing, not anything	If you don't know the answer it's best to say nothing.
one	an unidentified person	Can one smoke here? | All the students arrived but now one is missing.
other	a different person or thing from one already mentioned	One was tall and the other was short.
somebody/someone	an unspecified or unknown person	Clearly somebody murdered him. It was not suicide.
something	an unspecified or unknown thing	Listen! I just heard something! What could it be?
you	an unidentified person (informal)	And you can see why.
PLURAL
both	two people or things, seen together	John likes coffee but not tea. I thinkboth are good.
few	a small number of people or things	Few have ever disobeyed him and lived.
fewer	a reduced number of people or things	Fewer are smoking these days.
many	a large number of people or things	Many have come already.
others	other people; not us	I'm sure that others have tried before us.
several	more than two but not many	They all complained and several left the meeting.
they	people in general (informal)	They say that vegetables are good for you.
SINGULAR OR PLURAL
all	the whole quantity of something or of some things or people	All is forgiven. All have arrived.
any	no matter how much or how many	Is any left? Are any coming?
more	a greater quantity of something; a greater number of people or things	There is more over there. More are coming.
most	the majority; nearly all	Most is lost. Most have refused.
none	not any; no person or persons	They fixed the water so why is nonecoming out of the tap? I invited five friends but none have come.*
some	an unspecified quantity of something; an unspecified number of people or things	Here is some. Some have arrived.
such	of the type already mentioned	He was a foreigner and he felt that he was treated as such.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS

This pronoun is related to introduce a relative clause. It is called 'relative' because this pronoun always 'relates' to word that it modified. Let's we look one example about relative pronouns:

The person who called me last night is my girlfriend.

"who" is related to person which is modified which is introduce a relative clause "who called me last night"

There are 5 main of relative pronouns:

(1) who

(2) whom

(3) which

(4) whose

(5) that

In other that , relative pronouns can refer to singular/plural and there's no difference between male/female.

Look at these examples showing defining and non-defining relative clauses:

	Example Sentences S= Subject O= Object P= Possessive		Notes
Defining	S	* The person who phoned me last night is my teacher. * The person that phoned me last night is my teacher.	That is preferable
		*The car which hit me was yellow. *The cars that hit me were yellow.	That is preferable
	O	*The person whom I phoned last night is my teacher. * The people who I phoned last night are my teachers. * The person that I phoned last night is my teacher. * The person I phoned last night is my teacher.	Whom is correct but very formal. The relative pronoun is optional.
		* The car which I drive is old. * The car that I drive is old. * The car I drive is old.	That is preferable to which. The relative pronoun is optional.
	P	* The student whose phone just rang should stand up. * Students whose parents are wealthy pay extra.
		* The police are looking for the car whose driver was masked. * The police are looking for the car of which the driver was masked.	Of which is usual for things, butwhose is sometimes possible
Non-Defining	S	* Mrs Pratt, who is very kind, is my teacher.
		* The car, which was a taxi, exploded. * The cars, which were taxis, exploded.
	O	* Mrs Pratt, whom I like very much, is my teacher. * Mr and Mrs Pratt, who I like very much, are my teachers.	Whom is correct but very formal.Who is normal.
		* The car, which I was driving at the time, suddenly caught fire.
	P	* My brother, whose phone you just heard, is a doctor.
		* The car, whose driver jumped out just before the accident, was completely destroyed. * The car, the driver of which jumped out just before the accident, was completely destroyed.	Of which is usual for things, butwhose is sometimes possible

OK. That's all for today. I hope these information can support and helped you especially for your examination. Alright , see you again for the next topic. 

Daaaa.